THE TABERNACLE.

      (1). The Necessity for it. Revelation is progressive. During the first twenty-five centuries God spoke to individuals at intervals; sometimes a period of hundreds of years intervened. He spoke to Adam after the transgression (Gen., 3:1-24), and to Cain (Gen., 4:3-15). There is no record that He spoke to any one else until He communicated with Noah about one hundred years before the flood (Gen., 6:1-15). He also spoke to Noah after the flood (Gen., 9:8-17). Again the silence was unbroken for fully four hundred years (Gen., 11:10-32; 12:1-4); God [44] called Abraham out of his native country and made him and his family the receptacle of His revelations. He spoke, (a) to Abraham repeatedly (Gen., 12:1-8; 15:8-21; 22:1-18), (b) to Isaac (Gen., 26:1-5, 24), (c) to Jacob (Gen., 28:10-15; 31:3; 46:1-4). Again the silence was unbroken until he spoke to Moses in the burning bush (Ex., 3:1-10; Acts, 7:29-34). The order that prevailed was first the natural, afterward the spiritual; or, "first the blade, then the ear, after that the full corn in the ear (Mark, 4:28)." The Israelites had been sojourners and strangers four hundred years. Owing to their ignorance and the natural tendencies of the sinful heart they had fallen into the pollutions of those by whom they had been surrounded. They had drifted away from the one true God. They had, to a certain extent, forgotten the examples of their illustrious progenitors. They needed a revelation to the eye as well as to the mind. They needed a manifestation of Jehovah that would at once emphasize his personality, majesty and eternity. God adapted himself to their necessities. Hence He said to Moses: "And let them make me a sanctuary that I may dwell among them (Ex., 25:8)."

      (2). Important fact. The tabernacle with all that pertained to it was a revelation, and was typical of the new and living way (Heb., 8:4, 5; 9:1-10).

      (3). Architect and Plan. This building was not the product of human skill. It was both a revelation and a prophecy. The great Architect said: "Look that thou make them after their pattern, which was showed thee in the [45] mount (Ex., 25:40)."

      (4). The Superintendent. Moses was called into the blazing heights of Sinai (Ex., 24:12-18). The Lord gave him the plan and made him responsible for carrying it out (Ex., 25:9).

      (5). Artisans. The Lord expressly called Bezaleel the son of Uri of the tribe of Judah, and Aholiab the son of Ahisamach of the tribe of Dan, and inspired them for the work (Ex., 31:1-7). They were also empowered to teach others (Ex., 35:30-35). They were assisted by the wise hearted men and women of Israel (Ex., 35:25, 26; 36:1, 2).

      (6). Materials. The material consisted of, (a) metals: gold, silver, brass, (b) textile fabrics: purple, scarlet and white linen, and cloth made of goats' hair, (c) shittim wood. All these things were obtained directly from the people by a free will offering and with them many other articles that were used in preparing the clothing of the priests and in the worship after its inauguration (Ex., 25:1-40; 35:1-35).

      (7). Important fact. The liberality of the people was so great that it was necessary for Moses to restrain them (Ex., 36:5-7). What an example and exhortation to Christians!

      (8). The Court. The court was a kind of fence or protection for the tabernacle; it surrounded it (Ex., 27:9-18). The kinds of material used in the construction of the court were, (a) brass, (b) silver, (c) and linen (Ex., 27:9-19). The foundation of the court consisted of sixty sockets of brass and they were distributed, (a) twenty on the north side, (b) ten on the west end, (c) twenty on the south side, (d) and ten on the east end. Into these were fitted sixty pillars of brass, and on them were hooks of silver [46]

on which were hung curtains of linen. The curtains for the door were ornamented with needle work, and in this respect differed from the remainder of the hangings which were plain linen (Ex., 38:8-20). The court when completed was, allowing eighteen inches to the cubit, one hundred and fifty feet long, seventy-five feet wide, and seven and a half feet high (Ex., 27:18). The only articles of furniture belonging strictly to the court were, (a) the altar of burnt sacrifices, (b) and the brazen laver (Ex., 40:28-30).

      (9). Important fact. Study the diagram. Note, (a) the court was entered by a door, (b) the holy place was entered by a door, (c) and the holy of holies was entered by a door. The people were permitted to enter the court (Ex., 40:28, 29; Lev., 1:1-3; Ps., 5:7; 84:2, 10; 100:4), but they were excluded from the tabernacle on penalty of death (Num., 1:51). The priests, Aaron's sons, were permitted to enter the holy place (Lev., 1:1-17; Heb., 9:6), but only the high priest was permitted to enter the holy of holies, and he only once a year (Lev., 16:1-34; Heb., 9:7). I think we may safely conclude that, (a) the court was a type of the world, (b) the holy place a type of the church, (c) and the holy of holies, a type of heaven. Note that men could not enter except through the doors. Three births are here typified; (a) the birth of flesh, (b) the new birth, (c) and the birth from the grave (John, 3:1-13; I. Cor., 15:35-56). In other words, we enter the world by virtue of the birth of flesh, the church by virtue of the new birth, and heaven by virtue of the birth from the dead.

      (10). Foundation of the Tabernacle. [48]

FOUNDATION OF THE TABERNACLE. [49]

The foundation of the tabernacle was made of silver obtained by taxation; each socket contained one talent (Ex., 38:25-28). The silver sockets were distributed, (a) forty on the north side, (b) sixteen on the west end, (c) forty on the south side, (d) and four under the pillars of the second vail (Ex., 26:15-33).

      (11). Important observations. This wonderful structure excites universal and continual interest among Bible students. Many of the details of the building, and the worship connected with it, are well known; however, the critical reader and student finds some difficulties in the architectural details of the building. The tabernacle was, allowing eighteen inches to the cubit, forty-five feet long, fifteen feet wide, and fifteen feet high. The only real difficulties that confront the inquiring student are in reference to the width of the structure, its western wall, and the roof. The tabernacle was typical of the church, and heaven, the New Jerusalem (Ex., 25:1-40; 26:1-37; 27:1-21; 28:1-43; Lev., 16:1-34; Heb., 8:1-6; 9:22-28; 10:1, 19, 20). John describes the city of God as follows: "The city lieth foursquare, and the length is as large as the breadth; and he measured the city with the reed, twelve thousand furlongs. The length and the breadth and the height of it are equal (Rev., 21:16)." If the holy of holies were ten cubits long, ten cubits wide, and ten cubits high, there is a correspondence between the type and the antitype; otherwise there is not. This view is confirmed by the fact that the holy of holies or oracle in Solomon's temple was symmetrical, and its dimensions were exactly double the dimensions of the holy of [50] holies in the tabernacle (I Kings, 6:19, 20). From these considerations it is evident that the holy of holies was symmetrical, hence it was a cube, or ten cubits wide, ten cubits high and ten cubits long. Some overlook the fact that the "corner boards" were real corner boards, and place them on the outside. The solution of this difficulty that places the corner boards on the outside is unreasonable. It is an easy way of getting over the difficulty, but the difficulty still remains. They propose to combine one of the west-end boards with one of the side-boards, and thus make a corner. By doing this, the real corner boards are placed on the outside, and thus become props or stays. You will see by a careful reading of the description of the tabernacle given by Moses that the corner boards were connected with the west-end boards, and that their sockets were counted together (Ex., 26:22-25). That the corner boards were composed of two half boards, each three-quarters of a cubit wide, is evident from the fact that when fastened together, they had under them only the ordinary sockets (Ex., 26:25). Part of these corner boards were used in making the west wall, and the remainder covered the thickness of the north and south boards, and extended around on the two sides (Ex., 26:23). All of this is clear. Now the question is, how much of these boards was placed on the western wall? Each of the ordinary boards of the tabernacle was twenty-seven inches wide, allowing eighteen inches to the cubit. The corner boards were twenty-seven inches wide, but doubled, so part could be used in the western wall, and part as above indicated. The boards [51] of the tabernacle must have been fully four and one-half inches thick; this is proven by the fact that the boards of each wall were mortised sufficiently to admit a bar that passed through the entire wall (Ex., 26:28; 36:33). There is no difficulty in understanding how the tabernacle was set up, excepting the western end. The western end had six ordinary boards (Ex., 26:22). When these were set up edge to edge, they made a wall nine cubits long. The corner boards were composed of the same amount of material used in an ordinary board. They were cut through the center from end to end, and coupled at the top and bottom so as to form a corner (Ex., 26:23-25). Nine inches of each corner board added to the width of the western wall; four and a half inches rested against the ends of the two sides, and the half of each board extended around on the two sides (Ex., 26:23). The internal width of the holy of holies was therefore ten cubits or fifteen feet. Some scholars think that the tabernacle had a ridge-pole. In order to have a ridge-pole, one will need to draw on his imagination for a west-end support, as east-end support, internal supports, and for the pole itself! It is contended that the curtains alone, across the tabernacle, would have protected it from the rain, but the weight of the curtains was doubtless sufficient to draw them tightly across the tabernacle. The top covering was of seal or porpoise skins, and of course did not admit water. There is only one passage in the law of Moses that favors, even in a remote degree, the supposition of a ridge-pole. This is Ex., 26:13. Those who think they [52] see a ridge-pole in this passage, find insurmountable difficulties in attempting to set up the tabernacle according to their views. If you will make a little calculation, you will find that the tabernacle with a ridge-pole would have been open at the west end, and that the storm would have had unresisted play upon the ark of the covenant! This also would have admitted light into the holy of holies. God dwells in darkness (Lev., 16:2; I. Kings, 8:12; Ps., 97:2). If the tabernacle had a ridge-pole, it remains for those who say it to find the proof.

      (12). Walls. The walls of the tabernacle were made of shittim wood, and were overlaid with gold (Ex., 26:15-29; 36:20-34). There were forty-eight boards which, allowing eighteen inches to the cubit, were fifteen feet high and two feet three inches wide. They were set edge to edge, (a) twenty on the north side, (b) eight on the west end, (c) and twenty on the south side, thus forming a solid wall on the two sides and west end. The boards were overlaid with gold. They were supported and strengthened by five bars of shittim wood extending along the sides and west end. The middle bar was made to "shoot through" the boards from one end to the other (Ex., 26:15-29; 27:20-34).

      (13). Dimensions. The tabernacle was, allowing eighteen inches to the cubit, forty-five feet long, fifteen feet wide, and fifteen feet high (Ex., 26:15-26).

      (14). Apartments. The tabernacle was divided into two separate rooms by a richly wrought curtain called the vail (Ex., 26:31-33). The first apartment was called, (a) the holy place (Ex., 26:34), (b) the tent of the congregation (Ex., 40:26), [53]

WALLS OF THE TABERNACLE. [54]

(c) and the first tabernacle (Heb., 9:6), and was, allowing eighteen inches to the cubit, thirty feet long, fifteen feet wide, and fifteen feet high (Ex., 26:1-34). Its articles of furniture were, (a) table of showbread, (b) candlestick, (c) and altar of incense (Ex., 40:24-27). The second apartment was called, (a) the most holy place (Ex., 26:33), (b) the holy place within the vail (Lev., 16:2), (c) and holy sanctuary, and was, allowing eighteen inches to the cubit, fifteen feet long, fifteen feet wide and fifteen feet high (Ex., 26:1-34). Its only article of furniture was the ark of the covenant (Ex., 40:20, 21).

      (15). Coverings. The tabernacle had four distinct coverings; (a) the first or inner covering, (b) the goats' hair covering, (c) the covering of

COVERINGS OF THE TABERNACLE.

rams' skins dyed red, (d) the covering of badgers' skins (Ex., 26:1-14). The material used in the construction of the first or inner covering was fine twined linen; blue, purple and scarlet in color, and it was elaborately ornamented with figures of cherubim. Ten curtains, each, allowing eighteen inches to the cubit, forty-two feet long and six feet wide, were embraced in this inner covering [55]

INNER OR CHERUB COVERING [56].

(Ex., 36:8, 9). These ten curtains were formed into grand curtains (Ex., 26:3; 36:10). The two grand curtains thus formed were coupled together with fifty loops of blue and fifty taches of gold (Ex., 36:10-13). It will be seen by measurement that the tabernacle was, allowing eighteen inches to the cubit, forty-five feet long, fifteen feet wide and fifteen feet high (Ex., 26:15-26). Now, measure the cherub covering allowing eighteen inches to the cubit and you will find that it was sixty feet long and forty-two feet wide (Ex., 36:8-13). Notice also that the cherub covering was placed on the tabernacle with the surplus in length hanging over the west end (Ex., 26:1-33). A part of this covering, forty-five feet long and fifteen feet wide, was necessary to cover the top of the tabernacle; and there was a surplusage of thirteen and half feet on each side and fifteen feet at the west end besides the corner surplusage (Ex., 26:1-37; 36:8-38). Note that from the east end of the tabernacle to the taches uniting the two grand curtains, directly above the second vail, the distance was thirty feet (Ex., 26:1-33). The second covering was constructed of a cloth made of goats' hair (Ex., 36:14). It embraced eleven curtains, each of which, allowing eighteen inches to the cubit, was forty-five feet long and six feet wide (Ex., 36:14, 15). Two grand curtains were made out of the eleven goats' hair curtains; the first combination embraced five of the smaller curtains and the second combination embraced six (Ex., 36:16). The two grand curtains thus formed were united by fifty loops and fifty taches of brass (Ex., 36:17, 18). [57]

SECOND COVERING. [58]

The sixth curtain was doubled in the forefront of the tabernacle (Ex., 26:9). Allowing eighteen inches to the cubit and the goats' hair covering was sixty-six feet long and forty-five wide (Ex., 36:14-18). The second covering was placed on the tabernacle so that one small curtain extended over the front and the remainder extended over the sides and west end. The part of this curtain required to cover the top of the tabernacle was forty-five feet long and fifteen feet wide. The surplusage on the north and south sides and west end extended to the ground (Ex., 26:15-25; 36:14-19). The third covering was made of rams' skins dyed red and the fourth or top covering was made of badgers' skins (Ex., 36:19).

      (16). Doors and furniture of the court and tabernacle. In treating these subjects it is best to begin at the east and study as we advance. (a) We first approach the court gate. It was, allowing eighteen inches to the cubit, thirty feet wide and seven and a half feet high; the curtain, which was beautifully ornamented, rested upon four pillars supported by four brazen sockets, and the hooks like the other hooks of the court were made of silver (Ex., 27:12-17). (b) The altar of burnt sacrifices was made of shittim wood and overlaid with brass. It was, allowing eighteen inches to the cubit, seven and one half feet long, seven and one half feet wide, and four and one half feet high. Its utensils were ash pans, shovels, basins, flesh hooks and fire pans made of brass (Ex., 38:1-3). It was designed for convenience in transportation through the wilderness (Ex., 27:1-8; 38:1-4). The principal offerings [59] presented upon this altar were burnt offerings (Lev., 1:1-17), meat offerings (Lev., 2:1-16), peace offerings (Lev., 3:1-17), sin offerings (Lev., 4:1-35), and trespass offerings (Lev., 5:1-9; 6:1-7).

BRAZEN ALTAR.

Moses intimated that men might in the future of Israel, flee to the altar for protection from their enemies (Ex., 21:14). The altar was located upon the entrance to the court and the laver (Ex., 40:29, 30). (c) The laver is not described and its dimensions are not given. It was made of the looking-glasses of the women who assembled at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation (Ex., 38:8). Aaron and his sons were required, on penalty of death, to wash their hands and feet in the laver before entering the tabernacle (Ex., 30:18-20). It was located between the altar of burnt sacrifices and [60] the entrance to the tabernacle (Ex., 40:30). (d) The door of the tabernacle or first vail was, allowing eighteen inches to the cubit, fifteen feet wide and fifteen high (Ex., 26:1-37). It was made of blue, purple, scarlet and fine twined linen, and was beautiful in composition. It was supported by five pillars set in five sockets of brass; the hooks upon which it was fastened were of gold (Ex., 26:37, 38).

THE LAVER.

(e) The table of shewbread was, allowing eighteen inches to the cubit, three feet long, one foot and a half wide and two feet three inches high. It was made of Shittim wood overlaid with gold, and was furnished with rings and staves for transportation. Its dishes, spoons, covers and bowls were made of pure gold (Ex., 25:23-29). Shewbread was kept upon the [61] table continually (Ex., 25:30). It was renewed, removed and eaten by the priests (Lev., 24:5-9). The table was located in the holy place on the north side (Ex., 40:22).

TABLE OF SHEWBREAD.

(f) The candlestick was made with an upright shaft, and with six branches, three branches coming out of each side. Upon each branch there were three bowls made like almonds, and a knop and a flower; but on the candlestick (the shaft) there were four bowls made, with their knops and flowers. There were seven lamps, one upon each of the branches, and one on the central shaft. These were lighted, and furnished light for the holy place (Ex., 25:31-40; 30:8; Lev., 24:1-3). It was located in the holy place, on the south side (Ex., 40:24). [62]

GOLDEN CANDLESTICK.

(g) The altar of incense was, allowing eighteen inches to the cubit, one foot and a half long, one foot and a half wide, and three feet high. It was made of shittim wood, and overlaid with gold.

THE GOLDEN ALTAR. [63]

It was furnished with staves and rings for transportation (Ex., 30:1-5). The altar was located in the holy place before the vail (Ex., 40:26). (h) The second vail separated the holy place from the most holy place (Ex., 26:33). It was made of blue, purple, scarlet, and fine twined linen, and was elaborately and gorgeously ornamented with figures of cherubim. It was supported by four pillars of shittim wood, overlaid with gold, resting on four sockets of silver; the hooks upon which it was hung was made of gold (Ex., 36:35, 36). (i) The ark of the covenant was, allowing eighteen inches to the cubit, three feet nine inches long, two feet three inches wide, and two feet three inches high.

ARK OF THE COVENANT.

It was made of shittim wood, and was overlaid within and without with [64] pure gold. It was furnished with rings and staves or transportation. The lid of the ark, which was made of solid gold, was called the mercy seat. On the ends of the mercy-seat there were cherubim facing each other, with their wings spread out on high (Ex., 25:10-21).

TABERNACLE, COURT AND ENCAMPMENT.

Here the Lord met and communed with them (Ex., 25:22). In the time of Moses there were deposited in this ark the [65] golden pot that had manna (Ex., 16:33, 34), the tables of the covenant (Deut., 10:1-5), Aaron's rod that budded (Num., 17:1-13), and the book of the law (Deut., 31:24-26). This sacred chest was called the ark of the covenant because the tables of the covenant were deposited in it (Deut., 9:9-12; 10:1-5). It was located in the most holy place (Ex., 26:33, 34; 40:20, 21).

      (17). Setting up the tabernacle. When the work was done, Moses inspected it and blessed the workmen for their success (Ex., 39:42, 43). When the tabernacle was set up, and the furniture placed in order, the Lord recognized it as His house by covering it with a cloud and filling it with His glory (Ex., 40:1-34). The time occupied in the construction of the tabernacle was about seven months: It was thirty days from the departure from Rameses to the encampment in the wilderness of Sin (Ex., 12:37; 16:1; Num., 33:3). It was twenty days from the entrance into the wilderness of Sin to the giving of the law (Ex., 16:1; 19:1-25; 20:1-17). Moses went part of the way into the mount and waited six days (Ex., 24:12-18). He was in the mount forty days at his first (Ex., 24:18). There was an interval of about two days between the first and second visits (Ex., 32:15, 30; 34:1, 2). Moses was in the mount forty (40) days the second time (Ex., 34:28); 30 + 20 + 6 + 40 + 2 + 40 = 138 days,, or 4 months and 18 days. It was 11 months and 15 days from the departure from Rameses to the erection of the tabernacle (Ex., 12:48; 40:17; Num., 33:3); 11 months and 15 days - 4 months and 18 days = 6 months and 27 days. The date [66] of the setting up of the tabernacle is easily determined. It was (130 + 105 + 90 + 70 + 65 + 162 + 65 + 187 + 182 = 1056) one thousand and fifty-six years from the creation of Adam to the birth of Noah (Gen., 5:3-29). It was (500 + 100 + 2 = 602) six hundred and two years from the birth of Noah to the birth of Arphaxad (Gen., 5:32; 7:6; 11:10). It was (35 + 30 + 34 + 30 + 32 + 30 + 29 = 220) two hundred and twenty years from the birth of Arphaxad to the birth of Terah (Gen., 11:12-24). It was (205) two hundred and five years from the birth of Terah to his death, or Abram's entrance into Canaan (Gen., 11:32; 12:1-5). It was (430) four hundred and thirty years from Abram's entrance into Canaan to the exodus (Gen., 12:1-5; Ex., 12:40, 41; Gal., 3:17). It was (11) eleven months and (15) fifteen days from the exodus to the setting up of the tabernacle (Ex., 12:40, 41; 16:1; 19:1; 40:2, 17; Num., 33:3). 1056 + 602 + 220 + 205 + 430 + 11 months and 15 days = 2513 years, 11 months and 15 days. It was, therefore, two thousand five hundred and thirteen years, eleven months and fifteen days after the creation of Adam.

      (18). Terms used to describe it. The tabernacle was called, (a) the tabernacle of testimony (Ex., 38:21; Num., 1:50, 53; 10:11), (b) the tent of the testimony (Num., 9:15), (c) the tabernacle of witness (Num., 17:7, 8), (d) the tent of the congregation (Ex., 40:7, 22, 35), (e) the sanctuary (Ex., 25:8; Lev., 21:12; Heb., 9:1), (f) and the tabernacle of the congregation (Ex., 40:12; Lev., 1:1; Num., 1:1).

      (19). Cost. The tabernacle was a very expensive building. [67] It is difficult to accurately estimate the cost, but the careful reader will see (Ex., 38:21-31) that its grandeur was compatible with the dignity, majesty, and glory of the Light that shone between the cherubim.

      (20). Typical significance. It is easy to see in the New Testament that the tabernacle and its belongings were considered as typical. However, it is doubtful if many of those who worshipped at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation saw beyond the bleeding victim and smoking sacrifice. With the light of Jesus Christ shed upon the history of the past, we can safely say that the law and tabernacle considered as a whole, prefigured or foreshadowed good things to come (Heb., 8:1-5; 9:1-10; 10:1). (a) The court was a type of the world (Ex., 27:9-18; Rev., 11:1, 2); (b) the altar of burnt sacrifices was a type of the Cross of Christ (Ex., 40:29; John, 12:32, 33); (c) the laver was a type of Christ (Ex., 30:18-21; I. John, 1:7; I. Pet., 1:22); (d) the first vail or door was a type of the dividing line between the world and the Church (Ex., 26:36, 27; John, 3:5; Acts, 2:38; I. Cor., 12:13); (e) the holy place was a type of the Church (Ex., 26:33; Heb., 8:2); (f) the shewbread was a type of Christ (Ex., 40:4; Lev., 24:5-9; Matt., 28:20; John, 6:48-63); (g) the candlestick was a type of Christ and the light of the gospel in the Church (Ex., 40:7; Lev., 24:1, 2; John, 1:4-9; 3:20, 21; II. Cor., 4:4-6); (h) the altar of incense was a type of our worship (Ex., 30:1-10; Mal., 1:11; Rev., 8:3); (i) the second vail was a type of the dividing line between the Church and heaven (Ex., 26:39; Heb., 10:19-21); (j) the holy of [68] holies was a type of heaven (Ex., 26:33; Heb., 9:24); (k) the mercy seat was a type of our mercy-seat which is in heaven (Ex., 25:10-22; I. Tim., 2:5, 6; Heb., 4:14-16); (l) and the light that filled the tabernacle was a type of the Holy Spirit who fills the Church (Ex., 40:33-38; I. Cor., 3:16, 17).

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