OLD TRINITY CHURCH.

      THE year 1844 was a memorable one in my career, because I was then providentially arrested in the downward course, and my thoughts turned into a different channel. Mr. William Ross, superintendent of Trinity Church Sunday-school, and a fellow-passenger in the Asia, invited me to become a teacher in that school. My first impulse was not to accept the position, for two or three reasons--and perhaps valid ones. In the first place I was certainly not a decided Christian; and again, knowing so little of the Scriptures myself, I felt altogether unqualified to teach others. My kind friend, however, assured me that I would soon get into the way of the work; and that the work itself would influence my mind in the right direction. In after years I decidedly disapproved of [81] any but Christians being entrusted with the duty of Sunday-school teaching, even though regarding my own case as an illustration contrary to my conviction. Yielding to the persuasion of this friend I entered upon the work, and applied myself to the study of the Scripture lessons, in preparation for the class.

      The school was held morning and afternoon, and the teachers were expected to take it in turns to sit with the children during the morning service in the Church. This led to my becoming a regular attendant at both morning and evening worship, and I did not like to be absent if I could possibly be present. After the death of the Rev. C. B. Howard (first Colonial Chaplain), in the previous year, the Rev. James Farrell was appointed as Chaplain and minister of Trinity Church. Previous to this, Mr. Farrell had conducted the services at St. John's Church, in the East-end of the City, and these had to be discontinued for a time. This clergyman, like his predecessor, was a very liberal Churchman; and they were both as free from anything like Ritualism as they could well be. The form of worship was simple, and the teaching Scriptural; and as Mr. Farrell was a pre-millennarian, I received my first impressions regarding the Second Coming of the Lord Jesus Christ from him. The line of argument he adopted I considered then, and ever since, unanswerable. Briefly it was as follows: If we accept the teaching of the Old Testament prophecies concerning the Advent of Christ in humility, literally, to suffer for our sins, should we not accept those having reference to His Advent in power and great glory in the same way? To this was added:--What could possibly be more appropriate than the consideration that the scene of His humiliation and degradation should also be the scene of His exaltation and glorification, when "He shall reign in Mount Zion, in Jerusalem, and before His ancients gloriously"?

      Having to take my turn in sitting with the scholars in Church on Lord's-day mornings, I accustomed myself to sit in that part assigned to them in the evening likewise, when they were not expected to attend. The place was what might be called the "organ gallery," as, though there was no organ, there was an instrument called a "seraphine," and such were in common use where there was no regular pipe-organ. In the morning there would usually be a choir of about half-a-dozen singers, but few, if any, in the evening. I noticed that, in the morning, the organist and his choir usually retired after singing the hymn before the sermon, returning in time to sing after it. This struck me as rather peculiar, as the preacher never inflicted long discourses [82] upon the congregation; but I afterwards understood that they went out to get a "refresher" of fresh air or something else. The entrance to the gallery was through a small door leading to the outer one, and when our choir made their exit from the gallery they stooped down so that they should not be seen from the pulpit. Oftentimes in the evening the organist and myself were the sole occupants of the gallery, and sometimes he would stretch himself out on one of the benches for a sleep during the sermon. Probably he considered that listening to this portion of the service was not a part of his duty, and that, so long as he played the instrument at the proper time, more was not required of him. On one of these occasions he slept too long and too soundly; and when Mr. Farrell announced the number of the hymn to be sung after the sermon, the seraphine was silent. There was a pause; the minister looked surprised; and some of the congregation turned round to look up at the gallery, to ascertain, if possible, what could be the matter. Being on the spot I took in the situation at a glance, and making for the organist, gave him a thorough shaking, which aroused him. He jumped up and was on his seat in double-quick time, and as soon as possible played the tune over for the hymn. I was no singer, but had a liking for psalmody, and found it very useful in after years to be able to take a leading part when it was necessary.

      At one time we were in great trouble at Trinity Church, as our parson (the only Church of England minister in the Colony), had to appear in Court on a charge that was trumped-up against him. He may have been indiscreet, which gave some color to the accusation; but I believe it was generally thought to be a case of blackmail. Whichever way it was, it was a relief when we heard that the charge was not proved, and that the case was dismissed. Mr. Farrell was of a very genial disposition, and his freedom of manner might sometimes lead to unfavorable criticisms of his conduct. At the painful time referred to he was unmarried, but was subsequently united in wedlock to Mrs. Howard, widow of his predecessor. As a rule, and as a Scriptural rule, there can be no doubt but that the pastor or overseer of a Church should be a married man.

      The Sunday-school teachers I was associated with were calculated to exert an influence for good upon me, and we worked together harmoniously. Our superintendent, Mr. Ross, had been trained in the Borough Road Schools in London, and had an admirable manner of speaking to and dealing with children. He possessed the power of arresting the attention of the young in a [83] marked degree--a qualification which, so far as my experience goes, is very rare. I do not think it is an art that can be acquired. An affected simplicity is easily detected by children, and if those endeavoring to get their ear are not natural, the young folks will give little heed to the speaker. An interesting tale or anecdote, given in a natural way and in an unaffected manner, will rarely fail to interest a very juvenile audience. Mr. William Ross subsequently became master, and Mrs. Ross matron, of the Native School on North Terrace. His only son, Mr. W. H. Ross, is manager of a branch of the Union Bank, and is much respected.

      It will be assumed that on entering upon my new occupation my old associates were renounced, and to some extent my evil practices; and such really was the case. I felt that I must give up the theatre, the public-house, bagatelle, cards, and other games, to be a consistent Sunday-school teacher, and parted company with these without regret, having something better to occupy my attention; and in making what some considered a sacrifice of enjoyment and pleasure, was often reproached for being so foolish. Though only in a small degree, I began to realise the sentiment embodied in the verses:--

      These lines remind me of a conversation I once had with one who wanted to be an "O. & O. C."; and as some may not understand this particular designation, I will explain that these letters stand for "Out-and-Out Christian," or, in other words, "All for Jesus." I enquired on one occasion of a friend as to the religious standing of one of her neighbors, and her reply was, "Mrs. So-and-so is trying to be religious, and has just about enough religion to make her miserable." I understood from this that it exercised a restraining influence upon her, sufficient to keep her from doing certain things which others would do who made no such profession; but that she was a stranger to the joy of a full surrender to Christ. I do think that persons in this position are to be pitied, because, while they deny themselves worldly pleasures, they have not, as compensation, the "joy of the Holy Spirit." [84]

      As regards the theatre, though I liked to attend and take part in the proceedings, it had not the fascinating influence over me that it exerts over some; to those on whom such a spell is produced, it is a very dangerous place. In later years I felt a find of horror of it, did not like to attend even religious services within its walls, and have deemed it inadvisable that young Christians, whose principles are not firmly established, should be introduced to the stage and its surroundings on such occasions as these. But this is only my own personal conviction and conclusion. I knew of two prominent members of Christian Churches who became complete wrecks, and I traced the beginning of their downward course to their habitual attendance at theatrical performances. On expressing my opinion about the institution on one occasion, a young lady informed me that she went to the theatre, but added, "I always pray while I am there!" meaning that she felt so much exposed to temptation that this precaution was necessary to keep her from yielding to it. Talking at another time with an excellent and esteemed Christian lady about the theatre, I said there was one thing I liked about it. Expressing surprise at this, as she had been leading a fashionable life, and attended theatres, but was not aware of any good thing connected with such places, she said, "Do tell me what you are so much pleased with." I replied, "Is it not a good thing to tell a people where they are going?" adding, that I had seen notices posted at one of the entrances, pointing the way--"TO THE PIT"! She held up her hands, ejaculating, "I see it! I see it!" and seemed quite satisfied with the explanation. I have in my possession an admirable work on "The Stage," giving the experience of some eminent actors as to its character and tendency; and I feel persuaded that any Christian man or woman trading it would hesitate before entering the door of a theatre.

      After giving up the Theatre, I once had an amusing controversy with the brother next in age to myself. Exercising my fraternal care over him, I found him one evening in Currie Street, and gathered that he intended patronising a "gaff," or low theatrical performance, there. I reasoned with him, remonstrated, and gave him the benefit of my knowledge and experience. It was all in vain--nothing less than his own personal experience would satisfy him. Finding that persuasion and argument were alike in vain, I attempted by main force to prevent him from going and to take him home. The task, however, proved too much for me, and I had to give it up, feeling that I had done my duty and could do no more. [85]

      Man is a social being, and generally feels that he must have society of some kind, either good or bad, according to his proclivities. I was somewhat of an exception to the general rule, still, I liked the society of the Sunday-school teachers who were associated with me--and especially when we met together for prayer and the study of the Scriptures. These meetings were occasionally held in the schoolroom; at other times at the residence of Mrs. Cawthorne (a teacher, and the mother of our secretary); and regularly at the parsonage once a month. After tea (which was kindly provided for us), Mr. Farrell would take the chair and open the meeting with prayer. This was followed by the study of a portion of Scripture, all present being invited to take part in the proceedings. These were, to me, and no doubt to others, happy occasions; and in after years I could look back to them as among the happiest in my life.

      Failing health necessitated another retirement from the printing trade for a season, and as a letter-carrier was wanted at the General Post Office I applied for and obtained the situation. I considered that the out-door exercise would prove healthful, and there was as much of this as one could undertake. The whole of South Adelaide was divided into two rounds, East and West, King William Street separating the one from the other. The western district, considered then the more important, was taken by Mr. Driscoll, and the eastern one by myself. On receiving my "delivery," I was pleased whenever I found there was nothing for the minister at St. John's, as his was the farthest place in my round. There was no delivery at North Adelaide, and of course the residents in that part of the City complained that they had to go to the Post Office for their letters. The inhabitants of Mount Barker and places en route were favored with a mail once a week, which was conveyed by a sturdy German in a small cart drawn by a staunch Timor pony; and in ascending the steep hills I feel sure the driver would have to walk, and passengers (if any) to do the same. This was before the stamp era, and every letter or parcel had the amount of postage legibly written upon it, which had to be collected by the letter-carrier. We had so many of them handed to us, at a certain price per half-ounce; and on our return we had either to pay the amount due on our "delivery" or return the packages unpaid-for or unclaimed, the amount for which was deducted. To accommodate those who had not change, we frequently paid the postage ourselves, keeping an account of what was due to us; and generally found that those thus obliged regarded [86] these as debts of honor, and repaid us in due course. It was, 'however, an awkward arrangement, and letter-carriers may now be thankful that they have no trouble of this kind. In 1852 the system of postage-stamps was introduced, and all letters had to be prepaid; which was a great convenience, both to the postal, authorities, and also to the public.

      The Post Office consisted of two rooms--one with a delivery window, and the other fitted up with bins for the reception of newspapers. The letters were sorted on the counters in the one room, and the bags containing the papers and parcels were emptied on the floor of the other. While the three or four officials were

FIRST GENERAL POST OFFICE.

engaged on the former, Driscoll and I would go down on our knees amongst the papers and place them in their proper bins. As vessels arriving from England were "few and far between," we were not kept regularly at this kind of work in addition to our ordinary rounds. At one period there was an interval of eight months without an arrival from home, and some people began to think that communication with Europe was at an end. When a mail from England did arrive, the rush and push at the one small window can be imagined; and complaints of unmannerly behavior were not uncommon on these occasions. [87]

      The Postmaster-General (Capt. Watts) was an Irishman, and some of his countrymen who wanted to take him into their confidence sorely tried his temper. They would bring a letter in one hand and a sum of money, which they wished to enclose, in the other; and, holding both up so that he might see them, would say, "Shure, Mister, I want you to see that I put this money in the letter." As the Captain did not feel it to be any part of his duty to witness transactions of this kind, his answers were not of a character to afford pleasure to those who wanted him to give something like a guarantee for the safe transmission of the letters and money. Occasional interviews with his countrymen and others at the window were calculated to tax the patience of the Postmaster and his officials at that early period, as people in general were not so well acquainted with Post Office rules and regulations as in after years.

      One part of my duties at the Post Office, though inevitable, I did not like, namely, attendance there on alternate Sundays. At the end of Capt. Watts' dwelling-house the verandah abutting on King William Street was enclosed, and this small room was appropriated to the use of Driscoll and myself; and was also a receptacle for mailbags, etc. Here I spent the Sundays when it was my turn at the office, and Captain, Mrs., and Miss Watts kindly provided me with interesting reading. They appeared to understand that I was not quite at home at my Sunday work, and paying a visit to the Trinity Church Sunday-school after I had resumed my duty there, the Captain came up to my class and remarked that the work in which I was engaged was what he had kept me from for a time. The necessity for Sunday duty at the Post Office was that in the event of the arrival of a mail, the officials might be at once called to sort it, so that the contents should be ready for the public on Monday morning. In the matter of signalling the arrival of vessels, the people of Adelaide were greatly indebted to Messrs. Thomas & Co., of the Register office, who had erected a flagstaff on the top of their premises in Hindley Street. The signals, communicated from the beach, could be seen on this prominent position for a considerable distance around Adelaide. The Signal Station at West Terrace was established and maintained by the Government, but in the days of retrenchment the services of the signal-man were dispensed with. An offer for the use of the staff and the house was made to the public, but there does not seem to have been sufficient money to spare to lead to its acceptance. Under these circumstances the Register flagstaff and code of signals were greatly [88] appreciated. As all ships arriving were sailing-vessels, the time for their appearance in Adelaide was more uncertain than is the case with steamers, whose time of anchoring can be depended upon within an hour. When the business of the Post Office increased, and larger premises were required, a move was made to the opposite corner of King William Street and North Terrace, where the Gresham Hotel now stands. Still later, a one-storey building was erected by the Government, specially adapted for Post Office purposes, on the site occupied by the present Money Order and Telegraph Offices.

      After about three months at the Post Office my health improved, and, but for the Sunday work, I think I should have remained and worked my way up; but my conscience was ill at ease when thinking of the teaching in the Sunday-school and my apparent dereliction of duty. I was pleased to get back to my "frame," and as I had done with the drudgery in the printing office, and now ranked as a compositor, my position was improved, though still having to work night and day at publishing-time. In consequence of the fatigue incidental to night-work, I was often urged to relinquish teaching in the Sunday school; in fact some of my friends considered me a martyr to duty. From my own experience I do not believe that those who serve their Heavenly Master as faithfully as they serve an earthly one will suffer any loss through their fidelity. I regularly attended Sunday-school twice, and the services of the Church twice, every Lord's-day for many years; and after half-a-century of Christian work, I am quite sure that I am none the worse for so doing. My devotions sometimes caused me inconvenience, and even pain--not that I had any idea of doing penance, though I did so unintentionally. After becoming a Christian I regularly knelt beside my bed before retiring, and as bed-time depended upon the time of night or morning that I got away from the printing office, I was occasionally too tired-out to keep awake: the consequence was that long after the sun had risen I was still on my knees, stiff and cold. On mentioning this fact on one occasion to my kind friend, the late Dr. Mayo, he informed me that, coming home sometimes after long and weary hours of attendance on certain cases, his experience had been similar to mine.

      In the matter of recreation, outings, or holidays, I expect to be set down as rather peculiar; but I must be excused if my experience differs from that of many. Having tried the outings and the innings, I decided at length in favor of the latter, and generally laid myself out on gala days to do a good day's work. [89]

      It may be that I did not set out in the best way to enjoy a holiday, and on one or two occasions am quite sure I could trace my failure to my own fault. One very hot Christmas-day I decided to walk to Glenelg, and it must be understood that I had to walk, as there were no conveyances. Having remained sufficiently long on the beach to raise a painful blister on my neck, I essayed to walk back to town. By the time Dr. Everard's was reached my strength was almost exhausted, and I sat down and rested. There were only a few private conveyances on their way to Adelaide, and for some time I looked in vain for one in which to get a lift. At length a pony and spring-cart came along, and stopped just opposite my resting-place--not with the intention of taking me up--though eventually I did ride to the City in this vehicle. The pony stopped, not out of compassion for me, but because it was tired, and positively objected to go any further. Here was my opportunity, and taking in the situation at a glance, I made towards the cart, which I found contained a load of "Crabbs." In other words Mrs. Crabb, the wife of a shopkeeper in Hindley Street, had taken the little Crabbs to the Bay, and now found it difficult to take them back owing to the pony being "on strike." After a short conference with the pony, and a few kind words, I concluded that I had made it alright with him; and, with a seat on the splashboard, feet on the steps, reins in hand, and a cheery "Gee up, pony," I succeeded in conveying the load of "Crabbs" to town. Of course Mrs. Crabb was grateful for my kind services, and I felt thankful to the pony for having done me such a good turn.

      On another occasion George Lindsay Cooper and I made up our minds to go to the Port and take a turn down the river. We hired a boat, which was not of the kind intended for letting-out; but it was not likely to be capsized, being too broad and too heavy to do anything of that kind. We had no sail, but by fastening a coat to one of the oars, and having the wind and tide in our favor, we glided pleasantly down the stream. Though enjoying the voyage very much, we decided to cut it short by landing at the North Arm, and take in some refreshments. When we thought it was time to return to the Port we embarked, and made a start, but little more; for the wind having increased in force, and being right ahead, we only succeeded in reaching the mainland, or the swamp fringed with mangrove bushes. The pleasure was all over, and instead of the boat carrying us, we had to get into the water and drag it along by our side. After going through this performance for some time, a sailing-boat that was [90] tacking up to the Port took compassion on us, and towed us to the wharf. On arrival at the wharf I discovered that the salt water had found its way into a silver Geneva watch that I had been wearing, and from that time it only went when I carried it.

      My friend and shipmate Griffin the watchmaker, took it to pieces and soaked it in oil; but the effect of that disastrous trip to Torrens Island could not be effaced, and it was utterly condemned.

      Lindsay and I reached the City tired and dissatisfied, quite convinced, from the aching arms we had next day, that type-setting was far easier than pulling a big boat against a strong-head wind.

      Lindsay Cooper and I were not only "companions in tribulation," but in pleasures; and after assisting to get out the paper and taking a rest, we frequently sallied forth to the Park Lands for social converse. Seated on the banks of the creek running through what is now the Botanic Park, we indulged in a friendly interchange of thought on matters social, political, and religious. I think if the affairs of Church and State had been handed over to us, we would have settled them all, however momentous, at least to our own satisfaction. As far as I can remember, we were both decidedly democratic in our principles, and whatever may be my former companion's opinions at present with reference to democracy, I am quite sure that mine are decidedly the opposite of what they were in my youth. I now look upon democratic institutions as rapidly fulfilling the prophecy in Daniel in relation to the final development of Gentile rule, as set forth in the "iron and clay" of which the feet and toes of the image seen by Nebuchadnezzar were intended to represent. As this subject formed the basis of a lecture I delivered in after years in some of the Australian Colonies, I may further refer to it later on. Suffice it to say that I much enjoyed the society of Lindsay Cooper, and as he was a great reader and an intelligent thinker, I profited by our conversation. I am of opinion that if young men devoted more time to reading and study, and less to sports and outdoor amusements, they would become better and more useful members of society. Literary associations, I am aware, aim at the accomplishment of this object, but they only too often become, what they have been satirically designated, "mutual admiration societies."

      I shall now advert to matters that were not of so personal a character as those just mentioned, but in regard to which I was more or less interested. Many of the colonists who had:, taken possession of and cultivated their country lands had [91] been blessed in 1842 and 1843 with abundant harvests; so much so, that they could not, without extra assistance, gather them in. In this emergency the Governor allowed the military to assist in the operation, and "all ranks and conditions of men" lent a helping hand. Mr. Ridley, a miller at Hindmarsh, invented a reaping-machine, which was very successful, and caused quite a revolution in this department of agricultural pursuits. In a short space of time South Australia, instead of being dependent upon the neighboring Colonies for breadstuffs, was in a position to return the compliment, by exporting grain of the first quality in large quantities. Instead of having to pay 2s. for a 2-lb. loaf, it could now be purchased by consumers at less than a quarter of that price.

      The opening of the Kapunda Copper Mine in 1843, and of the Burra Mine in 1845, gave an impetus to trade and commerce, and things in general began to look brighter. The circumstances, connected with the "floating" of the latter wonderful mine are deserving of a passing notice, as it proved to be one of the richest copper mines in the world. A deposit of this mineral having been discovered on the surface, it was decided to apply to the Government for a special survey of 20,000 acres. The all-important question was where or how the £20,000 was to be raised; and as only hard cash would be accepted in payment, ways and means had to be devised to get together sufficient for the purpose. All the available gold, silver, and copper coin in the Colony was accumulated and taken to the Treasury; and on the receipt of the required amount, the survey was made. There were two parties, which agreed to amalgamate their funds, as neither had sufficient to pay of itself. These parties were designated the "Nobs" and the "Snobs," and when the division of the property took place, they arranged to draw lots for each half of the estate. The favored portion fell to the lot of the "Snobs," who at once set to work to open the mine; but then arose the question, Where are the funds to come from to work it? This difficulty was overcome by getting tradesmen to take shares in payment for what might be required, and these, in their turn, were offered in payment for wages, etc., due to those employed by them. This was nothing new, as a system of barter had been in operation for two or three years previously., It had been customary for our employers, when wages were due, to ask us what we required in the shape of clothing, meat, bread, groceries, etc.; and an order would thereupon be given to any tradesman who was indebted to the printer or advertiser. This custom [92] applied equally to all tradespeople who were employers of labor, so that a system of barter was almost universal. As Mr. Dehane had to take £5 Burrs shares for the printing he did for the Company, he had to offer them to the printers in his employ in payment of wages. One of these was tendered to me, but I preferred to wait till I could either be paid in cash or goods required. Although these £5 shares afterwards went up to £200, I never regretted the loss sustained in not accepting one at £5 and may add that, though I witnessed so many mining "booms," I was never the possessor of a single share. In thus stating my individual course of action in regard to mining shares, I would not for a moment be thought to reflect on those who have embarked their capital, or a part of it, in developing the mineral resources of the Colony; but by keeping clear of this kind of investment, I have escaped many anxieties and disappointments.

      The printing of the Observer at Mr. Dehane's introduced a new order of things in the office, and there was a decided improvement in the personnel of the staff. Mr. Win. Hillier occupied the position of overseer of the paper, and the services of two or three of the old hands being dispensed with, their places were filled by compositors of a different class. Though not under written indentures I was retained as a turnover from Mr. Dehane. In course of time my former employer erected new premises in King William Street, near to the shop built by or for my mother; and to this greatly improved building the plant was transferred. The printing office had a boarded floor, was well lighted, and was provided with a fireplace.

      Additions and improvements were made to my mother's shop as trade increased and the prospects of the Colony became brighter. Another storey was added, and a bakehouse erected at the rear. My brother had acquired a knowledge of baking, and commenced business in that line, with the assistance of my mother and sister. They all worked together, and before very long it became a first-class establishment; and taxed them all to the utmost to supply the wants of their numerous customers. It was truly carried on upon the co-operative principle, all adding to the common capital, with my earnings into the bargain. Our mother was constituted treasurer of the general fund, and we were convinced that whatever was entrusted to her would be well taken care of, and used to the best advantage for the benefit of all. The attention to business was a great tax upon her health and strength, and with a tendency to dropsy the long hours upon her feet occasioned her much suffering. My sister also felt a like [93] strain, and as the accommodation was limited, extra assistance, even had it been procurable, could not well have been availed of. In warm weather--and we had some very warm weather in those days--my mother has kept a bowl of water near her, in which to frequently bathe her hands; and find some refreshment by this means. At one time we had upwards of a fortnight of intense heat continuously, day and night; and the interior of the houses became almost unbearable. Hundreds slept under verandahs and in the open air, and though while the hot spell lasted it was not much cooler outside than it was in, there was more air and a better chance of getting a little sleep. In addition to the hot blasts from the north there were generally a number of bush fires, considerably intensifying the heat, and filling the atmosphere with smoke.

      In 1845 there were great changes as regards the press and printing, materially affecting the Observer and all connected with it. Mr. John Stephens became the purchaser, from Mr. James Allen, of the South Australian Register, and the printing plant pertaining thereto. To effect this purchase Mr. Stephens obtained a loan from Mr. (afterwards the Hon.) T. Reynolds, and gave a bill of sale over the whole. The Register had been printed and published by Mr. Allen at the corner of King William and Rundle Streets, which was known as the "Beehive Corner"; but after a time Mr. Stephens secured premises in Hindley Street, near the site of Beach's dining-rooms, which he had fitted up as a shop and printing office. Under the shop a cellar was excavated to receive the printing machine; behind the shop was the composing room; at the rear of that the ordinary presses; and at the side a suite of rooms for the use of the sub-editor, reporters, etc. The composing--room provided accommodation for ten or twelve compositors, with two pairs of cases to each (side by side), a large imposing table in the centre, racks, etc. It was provided with a fireplace, which was necessary for ventilation, as well as for warming the room, making our night tea, etc. In the yard at the back was a well which yielded a plentiful supply, so that we were independent of water-carts. The great drawback to the composing-room was that the ceiling was too low, rendering the atmosphere very oppressive in hot weather. There was no gas in use then, and when the nights were very warm, the candles would make some rather graceful bows to us, to which we would respond by putting a piece of card round them, fastened by a pin thrust through the centre, to keep them in an upright position. [94]

      When we took possession of the new premises, Mr. W. C. Cox was the general manager, and Mr. W. K. Thomas overseer of the Observer. This paper had been considerably enlarged, and a country edition was issued on Friday, which necessitated working Thursday and Friday nights; and, as the Register was published daily not long after our removal to the new place, we had to work every night except Saturday and Sunday. When Mr. Stephens decided to issue the Register as a daily paper, in January, 1850, a difficulty arose about the work on Sunday evenings, and at first it was arranged that we should not commence till after midnight. This was tried for a short time, but there was great dissatisfaction, as some of the compositors would come at 10 or 11 o'clock, and either wait about at the office or at the Exchange Hotel till it closed. Hence it was considered a greater evil for dome of the hands to go to the hotel than to commence work at 8 or 9 o'clock; and the latter alternative was adopted. The printing staff, on the whole, might be considered a respectable one, and instead of making the hideous nocturnal noises that were made in Morphett Street, we frequently joined in singing hymns during the night or in the small hours of the morning. We had some really good voices, and our overseer was not above taking the lead in the psalmody, which may seem very strange to compositors of the present day. There was one thin;, however, we did not like in our overseer, and this was that he would not permit us to have half-an-hour, or sometimes even fifteen minutes' sleep, when we found it almost impossible to keep awake. This was usually on Thursday and Friday nights, when we had to work continuously from 8 o'clock one morning till the small hours of the next. Occasionally the concession would be granted, but not with a very good grace; however, we did not mind this so long as we gained our point. To enable us to enjoy these snatches of sleep with some degree of comfort, one of our number (Tom Smith, who was afterwards in the Agent-General's office in London) purchased several grey military coats which, being moth-eaten, were sold by the authorities "without reserve." Tom re-sold them to us, and, wrapped up with these, we lay "with our martial cloaks around us," till rudely awakened to set up more type for the delectation of the public, who probably never considered for a moment what the reading cost in misery and discomfort. No intoxicating drinks were allowed on the premises, but two or three of the hands who had been accustomed to these liquors could gratify their longings when off duty. We had a tea and coffee club, to which all subscribed, and took it in weekly turns [95] to light the fire and prepare one or other of these beverages for all.

      One of our number was rather given to practical jokes, and these were mostly played upon an Irish compositor, called "Pat." Some of these were too bad, and were calculated to provoke a breach of the peace; but "Pat" was a good-tempered fellow, and did not indulge in revenge. One morning when he went up to his "frame," he found it occupied by a dummy representative, the principal part of which consisted of a broom, with his cap on top, his apron fastened around it, and his slippers tacked to the floor. When "Pat" came in he quietly removed the cap, the apron, and the broom, but on endeavoring to kick the slippers under his "frame," he found that they were fixtures. This was a printer's prank, not done by a boy, but a full-grown man, who seemed as though he could not give up his propensities for mischief. When in the Morphett Street establishment I have had my coat pockets filled with stones, scraps of iron, etc.; and I suppose I was then considered the butt of the office.

      I have mentioned what a boon it was to get a few minutes' sleep after working all day and until past midnight, but may add that a special privilege of two or three hours' repose was granted to the compositor whose tern it was to print the last forme of the entire Saturday edition of the Observer at a single-demy hand press. As the services of the regular pressman were required to print the Register on a double-demy hand press, it was arranged that the man who could work at press should by turns "pull-off" the final sheet of the Observer; and for this they had extra pay. Having acquired a knowledge of the various branches of the printer's art, I had to take my quota, and could strike off 250 copies per hour. It was, however, hard and exhaustive work after some sixteen or eighteen hours at case, and with only two or three hours' interval of rest on the floor under our "frames." What will the eight-hours people say to such work as this? And I do not suppose that any of us who thus labored were any the worse for it. I know of two or three besides myself who continued at this work for a few years, until it was done by machinery, and though we have passed the threescore years and ten, we enjoy fairly good health. It has often and truly been said that it is not hard work that kills, but worry, drink, disease, and bad habits. Latterly I have often wondered how I was able to get through the fatiguing toil, and that I survived it at all. Though physically weak, strong will power and great endurance enabled me to hold out better than some who were physically [96] much stronger. I have literally labored till I dropped down, or have been compelled to go outside and lie on the ground. No merit is claimed for this, but the work had to be done, and it was my duty to do my share of it so long as I possibly could.

      In August, 1846, I attained my majority, and my fellow-workmen were invited to a feast to celebrate the event. Being considered by age to have served my apprenticeship, my employer, Mr. John Stephens, presented me with a copy of "Dr. Adam Clarke's Life and Labors," with the following inscription:--"Presented to Mr. Henry Hussey, on the completion of his apprenticeship to the printing business, and as an acknowledgment of his steady conduct and faithful services for the last three years of the period, during which time his services were transferred to Mr. John Stephens, who accompanies this gift with his best wishes for Mr. Hussey's welfare."

      Mr. Stephens was very kind, and took almost a fatherly interest in me, giving such counsel as was calculated to promote my physical and spiritual welfare. There was one suggestion that he made to me, with reference to the preservation of my sight; which I adopted and have practised ever since; and I shall feel grateful to his memory as long as I live for having favored me with it. This was to bathe the eyes in cold water the first thing every morning, splashing them afterwards sufficiently long to remove any dust or accumulation on the eyelids; and then carefully absorb all the moisture. Of course, if the eyes are in an active state of inflammation, warm or tepid water must be used instead of cold. Apart from our relative positions as employer and employee, Mr. Stephens treated me as a friend and companion, and often conferred with me on religious topics. We actually carried on a friendly correspondence in the Register and Observer on what he termed "A Scriptural Difficulty"; and I have no doubt but that he regarded this as well calculated to sharpen me for polemics. Discovering that my predilections were decidedly of a religious character, anything of this kind that was for publication he usually entrusted to me as a sort of specialist."

      Mr. Stephens was not by any means narrow-minded, or very particular as to what appeared in the paper, from whatever creed, party, or person it might emanate. There was an old "prophet" living at Little Adelaide by the name of L'Ovanberyl, who had made some very elaborate calculations to show that the world would come to an end in 1848. He prepared the result of these in a tabulated form for publication in the Observer, and as Mr. [97] Stephens concluded that this was decidedly in my line, these tables were handed to me to prepare for the press. To accomplish this task I had to make up stars, comets, and other astronomical signs to illustrate the "prophet's" cycles and calculations. The little study I had given to the subject of prophecy was quite sufficient to satisfy me that no reliance was to be placed on these calculations, and I had no sympathy with them or with the one who made them. Be that as it may, I did my utmost to make the tables appear in the paper as the author would have them to be; and, I think, succeeded fairly well. The "prophet" endeavored to convince me that his statements and deductions were correct, but found me too sceptical to take them in. Walking over North Adelaide Hill with him one day, he suddenly stood still and listened to something, I know not what. Turning to me he enquired, "Did you hear that?" but I could not make out what "that" was, and we went on our way. A chairmaker by trade, when a customer once complained that some of his wares were deficient in strength and would not last very long, he replied, "They will wear as long as you will want them. Don't you know that the world is coming to an end in '48?"

      In July, 1845, Mr. George Stevenson re-entered the political arena, and brought out the South Australian Gazette and Colonial Register, which was printed at Mr. Dehane's in the first instance, and afterwards with the proprietor's own plant. By the issue of this paper Mr. J. Stephens had to contend against an able editor and a powerful rival; and before long libels became the order of the day. In this line Mr. J. Stephens took the lead, having no fewer than a dozen actions brought against him within a short space of time. Though some of these ended with "a farthing damages," and others completely broke down, the worry and the legal expenses proved a heavy tax upon Mr. Stephen's health and pocket. The most serious consequences of all followed some adverse criticism upon the management of the Burra Mine, reflecting particularly upon the Directors, several of whom took out actions against him. Many advertisers in the Register and Observer withdrew their custom and patronage, and the very existence of the papers seemed to be threatened. Mr. Reynolds very naturally felt that his security was in danger, and took the liberty of exercising his bill of sale. To our great surprise, orders were given to remove the types and presses to Neales' Auction Mart; and as these were of little use without hands to manipulate them, we were sent to the auction room--not for sale, but to work. Probably it was considered that if the plant were really to [98] be disposed of, it would command a higher value could intending purchasers see the concern in working order. The well-known "knight of the hammer" had offered many curious lots, but surely this was the most novel that had been placed in his hands. We "set up" sufficient type to bring out the issue in a smaller size than usual, and as Mr. Dehane kindly placed a press at our disposal, both papers made their appearance, with an appropriate apology. A guarantee having been given to Mr. Reynolds, the whole of the plant was returned. The affair, though occasioning much inconvenience, did not entail great loss.

      Mr. J. Stephens felt that he was suffering for righteousness' sake, in the faithful and conscientious discharge of his duties, and appealed to the public for sympathy and support. A kind of public testimonial was got up in his favor, and those who felt disposed to give practical proof of their sympathy were asked to take up debentures to place him in funds to carry on the papers. This plan was fairly successful, and we felt that our place and pay were likely to continue; though we had to be satisfied with two-thirds of our wages till the end of each quarter, when we were to receive the arrears then due. This was nothing new to us, as Mr. Stephens, not having sufficient capital, had adopted this plan from the time of taking over the Register.

      In the financial troubles Mr. John Stephens got into, it was naturally supposed that his big brother (the banker) would lend a helping hand, and it is not unlikely that he did; but the two brothers did not agree on all points, consequently a cordial co-operation was not to be expected. The printers in those days adopted some rather familiar designations for those connected with the press, and others. To distinguish the two brothers, the banker was called "Teddy" Stephens, and the printer "Johnny" Stephens--the latter also being known as "Little Johnny." Mr. Stephenson, a tall gentleman, was styled "Long George"; and Mr. James Allen, "Dismal Jemmy." Mr. T. Reynolds, a teetotaller, was honored with the cognomen of "Teapot Tommy"; while Mr. N. Hades was known as "Timothy Short." Mr. J. Richman, a solicitor, said there were two anomalies in his office, one of which was that Mr. Richman was a "poor man," and his clerk, Mr. Quick, was a "slow man." In the Bank of South Australia there was a teller (Mr. Hardman) who would be considered by tellers of the present day a decidedly "slow man," as he would, if the customer was not in a hurry, place his elbows on the counter, support his chin with his hands, and enter into a conversation on things in general. Mr. John Bentham Neales [99] experienced a difficulty in the early days of the Colony in regard to his name, as there was also a Mr. Neale; and both being auctioneers, there was confusion occasionally. The difficulty was overcome by the first-named gentleman altering his name to John Neales Bentham, and lie continued to be known by this cognomen until such time as Mr. Neale either died or left the Colony, when he reverted to John Bentham Neales. Mr. (afterwards Sir) R. R. Torrens, the author of the Real Property Act, was publicly known as "Theoretical and Practical," because this was a favorite expression of his; and an undertaker of that time was called "Diabolical," as he was thus accustomed to characterise anything he did not approve of. Among some of the juvenile printers I was called "Long Harry"--not because I was very tall, but very thin; and if any one saw a pen-and-ink sketch that was made of me at this time, they would conclude that I had not much flesh on my bones.

      When the Government established its own printing office, Mr. W. C. Cox received the appointment of Government Printer, a position which he held for many years. This led to the promotion of Mr. W. K. Thomas to the post of general overseer of the Register and Observer Office; while the "making-up" of the Observer was entrusted to me, for which I received 10s. per week, in addition to what I earned as a compositor--my weekly wage being altogether between £2 and £3. Besides my duties at the printing office, I assiduously attended to my work at Trinity Sunday-school, devoting a certain portion of time each week to the preparation of the subject which was to occupy the attention of my class. With the little spare time at my disposal, I also commenced a general study of the Scriptures, and the Bible became my constant companion on these occasions. Not having a Concordance or Biblical help of any kind, I had really to "search the Scriptures," and became all the better acquainted with the written Word; though no doubt I could have made more rapid progress by means of such auxiliaries.

      On the arrival of Bishop Short, in 1848, it was considered right for the ministers of the Church of England to prepare those of their flock who had not been "confirmed" for this ordinance. In the absence of a Bishop, this rite had not been attended to in the Colony; and now Mr. Farrell, Colonial Chaplain and the Incumbent of Trinity Church, formed a class of candidates to receive the necessary instruction and go through an examination. I was one of the number, and, though not finding any authority in the Scriptures for the observance of this rite, I took it for [100] granted that it was according to the Prayer-book. With many others I was passed as a suitable subject, and looked forward to receiving a decided impulse to my spiritual life by the laying-on of the Bishop's hands. Whether it was my semi-sceptical ideas about the ceremony, or whether that functionary did not really possess the power of imparting the blessing I expected to receive, I know not; but am certain that, after the sacerdotal hands had been placed on my head, I did not feel any different.

      After Confirmation I felt impelled to attend the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, and set about a thorough self-examination to ascertain, if possible, my worthiness to partake of this holy rite. While this was in progress, Satan began to attack me in right earnest, presenting to my mind the most wicked and abominable thoughts he could insinuate. Even while I was sitting in church during Divine worship he had the audacity to make suggestions of a most horrible and blasphemous character; which, if entertained, would certainly have kept me from the ordinance for which I was seeking to prepare. I did not then know what has since become a conviction, that the "old serpent" usually adopts such tactics in the case of those really desirous of loving and serving the Lord. Determined to do my duty in spite of the attacks of the adversary, I waited on Mr. Farrell to ascertain whether I might be allowed to attend the Sacrament. Expressing pleasure at my application, he offered a few words of encouragement. My spiritual guide was by no means an enthusiast in his profession, and while attending pro forma to his regular duties, was prepared to admit that certain things he ought to have done had been left undone. I remember that he was expected to deliver an address at a meeting of the Bible Society, but after saying a few words sat down, remarking that on resuming his seat he would think of what he wanted to say. Accustomed to write his sermons and read them, he decided on another occasion to deliver an extempore speech, but failed; and after explaining the situation, begged the congregation to excuse him from proceeding further. It was customary to have morning prayer at Trinity Church throughout the week, and a service on Wednesday evenings, at which only a small number usually attended; but Mr. Farrell officiated, whether there were many or few. A Mr. H. (not the writer) attended regularly in the mornings, and Miss Hosier, a Sunday-school teacher, on Wednesday evenings. Once this lady was the only person present, and when Mr. Farrell took his place at the reading-desk, he saw a difficulty in the way of proceeding with the service. He could not say, "Dearly beloved brethren, [101] the Scripture moveth us," etc., as there was not one brother, and only one sister present. In this dilemma, he walked down the aisle to where my friend was sitting, and after a friendly shake of the hand, said, "I do not think, Miss Rosier, that I will go through the service this evening. I will let you have the sermon, and you can take it home and read it." About this time a correspondent in the Observer complained that he had waited at Trinity Church for a quarter of an hour after the bell had ceased ringing, and the minister did not put in an appearance. Probably the incumbent, discouraged at the apathy of his parishioners, became somewhat indifferent himself.

      As my brother's business prospered, so that he was in a position to obtain outside assistance, my mother and sister retired, and removed to North Adelaide. This necessitated a long walk when the paper was finished, at all hours of the night; and sometimes not till daylight. This journey, after the destruction of the City Bridge by floods, was often very lonely, and not unattended with danger. The path down to the chain-bridge (so-called because a chain was placed along some planking spanning the Torrens) was at the rear of Government House, and could not be clearly seen on a dark night. There was no light placed to indicate the locality of this temporary bridge, and when the sky has been more than usually obscured by thunder-clouds, I have waited some time for a flash of lightning to see the way across. When my labors extended to daylight, and workmen were going forth to the labor of the day, I felt somewhat ashamed to be seen wending my way home, looking as though returning from a night's debauch. Let citizens thankfully compare this state of things with the fine Victoria Bridge and King William Road, the asphalt footpaths and brilliant illumination of the present time.

      The River Torrens in those days was, in many respects, a striking contrast to what it now is--especially with regard to floods. In some places the channel was so narrow in summer that I have frequently jumped from bank to bank, and in others it was wide and deep. It was then literally a chain of ponds in the dry season, and the connection between the ponds was scarcely perceptible in places; but in winter the water would come down with such volume and force as to carry away bridges, large trees, and everything before it. I remember one flood which would have rejoiced the hearts of some rabid teetotallers, however much they might regret to see various kinds of garden produce swept away by it. Shand's brewery was built on the banks of the Torrens, one part of it almost projecting over the river; and I [102] presume the reason for building it there was to obtain a plentiful supply of water. On the occasion referred to a big winter flood undermined the foundation, and away went roof, floor, barrels, bottles, and their contents; but happily there was no loss of life.

      My mother resolving to take up her abode permanently in North Adelaide, purchased land in O'Connell Street, and erected a house and shop upon it. This led to the transference of my labors from Trinity Church Sunday-school to that of Christ Church. I felt considerable regret at leaving the former, as the associations had been of a most cordial and pleasurable character; and besides it was really the starting-point in my Christian career. Before leaving I was the recipient of two large folio-volumes of "The Pictorial Dictionary of the Bible," inscribed as follows:--"Presented to Henry Hussey by the minister and teachers, as a token of their esteem and affection, on his leaving Trinity Church Sunday-school, where he has with zeal and assiduity discharged the duties of a teacher during a period of six years.--March 7, 1850." The presentation was made by Bishop Short in the presence of a large assembly of ladies and gentlemen connected with Trinity Church. Of course I had to acknowledge the receipt of the gift, and also thank the Bishop for the kind words spoken in making the presentation. I do not know what I said, but vividly remember my feelings; my legs were shaking, not with the weight of the books, but with nervousness; and it would have been a relief had an opening appeared in the floor through which I might have escaped. This was really my first speech in public, and, had I consulted my feelings, I am quite sure it would have been my last. My Master in heaven had seemingly ordered otherwise, and not long after I was called upon, not only to give addresses in the Sunday-school, but in connection with public worship.

      The Rev. W. J. Woodcock was the minister of Christ Church, which was in course of erection when I took up my abode in North Adelaide, and I then became a member of that Church. The seating of this place of worship was effected in rather a novel way, but it proved successful. After the intending seatholders had selected the locality they desired for their seats, they were expected to pay the cost of erection, and the pews were then to be considered their property. The seats were, of course, to be uniform, and a uniform charge was to be made for their erection. In the case of removals, I am not positive as to whether the owners of the pews had the option of disposing of them to another; [103] but am certain we neither sold nor transferred our rights to our pew to anyone else.

      Mr. Woodcock quickly took me in tow, and wanted me, in the first place, in conjunction with Mrs. MacDermott (wife of the then manager of the Bank of Australasia) to commence a Sunday school in connection with Christ Church. This I consented to do. The idea of associating a lady and a gentleman as superintendents was a good one; at any rate, we found it work very well. In the first report of this school it was stated that it was opened on December 23, 1849, when the two superintendents divided the scholars present, numbering fifteen to twenty, into two classes, Mrs. MacDermott taking the girls, and Mr. Hussey the boys In a few weeks the attendance had more than doubled, and the staff of teachers was augmented by the following ladies and gentlemen: Mrs. Woodcock, Mrs. Singleton, and Miss Andrews: Messrs. O. K. Richardson, C. W. May, and H. Pepper. The school was held both morning and afternoon, and the attendance at the former was nearly as large as at the latter. [104]

[CLACE 81-104]