"respondit"
respondêo. -êre, -spondi, -sponsum to answer, respond
"minus dubitationis"
minor, minus adj. less of hesitation = less
hesitation
"dubitationis"
dubitatio, -onis f. hesitation, doubt
"dari"
pass. inf. of do, dare, dedi, datum to give
"eo sibi minus dubitationis
dari"
eo is,ea, id abl. of cause,
for this reason, the cause being explained in the following
quod-clause
lit. [Caesar replied], for this reason less doubt (lit. less
of doubt) to be given to himself
= that for this reason he would have less hesitation
"eas res"
those matters
res, rei f. thing, matter
"commemorassent"
commemoro, -are 1 to mention, relate; remember
pluperf. subj. (denoting past time in indir. speech after
Historical Tense (past tense) of main verb)
"memoria teneret"
[in] memoriâ tenêre to keep in mind, remember
imperf. subj (denoting pres. time in indir. speech after
Primary Tense (pres. or future) tense of main verb)
"eo gravius"
neuter comparative of gravis, -e important, serious,
grave
lit. by that much (eo) more grave = all the more grave
"ferre"
aliquid gravius ferre = to take something serious
"accidissent"
accido, -ere, -cidi, -cessum to happen
"quo minus"
eo gravius ... quo minus meritô
by that much more serious ... as by how much less deservedly
= that he would take these matters more seriously to the
same degree (eo gravius) as they had happened less deservedly...
"meritô populi Romani"
meritum, -i n. desert, merit, service
lit. in accordance with the desert (abl.) of the Roman people
"iniuriae"
inuria, -ae f. offence, wrong, injustice
"difficile"
difficilis, -e difficult
"cavere"
caveo, cavêre, cavi, cautum to be on guard, beware of
"sibi conscius fuisset"
sibi alicuius conscius esse to be aware of something
= if they had been aware of some injustice done by them (sibi
dative of reference, lit. in reference to themselves)
"eo [eum] deceptum [esse]"
eo (for this reason) [eum, i.e. populum
Romanum] deceptum esse
= but for that reason they had been deceived, the reason being
(the quod-clause explaining the reason [quod = because]) that
neither did they perceive (intellegere) anything to have been committed
by them why they should be afraid, nor did they think that they should
be afraid without cause.
"neque ... neque"
neither ... nor
"commissum"
committo, -ere, -misi, -missum to committ, do
"timeret"
timeo, timêre, -timui to be afraid
"neque ... timendum [esse]"
future passive periphrastic (gerundive), impersonal, lit. nor
ought it to be feared
"putaret"
puto, -are 1 to think
"sine causâ"
without cause, reason
"quod si"
lit. as to which (referring to the thought of the previous
sentence), translate with "even ..."
Caesar uses quod, sing. neut. of the relative qui, as
an adverbial accusative before si, nisi, and ubi, where it
may be translated now, moreover, but, and, or even,
lit. as to which as, Quod si ... vellet, even if he were
willing.
"contumeliae"
contumelia, -ae f. insult, affront
"oblivisci"
obliviscor, -i, oblitus sum to forget
"vellet"
volo, velle, volui to want, be willing
contrary-to-fact condition (imperf. subj. referring to present time)
"num"
interrogative particle expecting negative reply: surely ...
not, really ... not
num ... memoriam deponere posse would be as direct question:
= num ... memoriam deponere possum, can I put aside the recollection?
with the implied answer: of course, not!
"recentium inuriarum"
recens, -entis recent
dependent on memoriam at the end of the sentence, of fresh
outrages (specified in the following quod-clause)
"eo invito"
abl. abs. he(i.e. Caesar) being unwilling
"per vim"
by force
vis f. force
"temptassent"
pluperf. subjunctive of tempto, -are 1 to try, attempt
[that] they had attempted to ...
"vexassent"
vexo, -are 1 to trouble, harass
"posse"
possum, posse, potui to be able
"memoriam deponere"
depono, -ponere, -posui, -positum put down, lay aside
memoriam deponere = to forget
"Quod"
= the fact that, that;
the two clauses introduced by quod stand as subject of
pertinêre.
"victoria"
victoria, -ae f. victory
"gloriarentur"
glorio, -are 1 to boast, glory
"quodque"
and that (introducing another substantive clause)
"tam insolenter"
adverb: so insolently
"tulisse"
past infinitive of ferre, tuli, latum
"admirarentur"
admiror, -mirari, -miratus sum deponent to marvel
"pertinere"
pertineo, -êre, -tinui, -tentum
to belong
"tam diu"
= for so long
diu adv. long
"Consuesse"
perf. act. inf.
consuesco, -ere, -uevi to become accustomed
"quo gravius homines ... doleant"
A relative clause of purpose may be introduced by the adverb
quo (= ut eo) and has its verb in the subjunctive.
quo gravius homines ... doleant = in order that (thereby) people may
suffer more painfully
"doleant"
doleo, dolêre, -ui. itum to suffer
"scelere"
scelus, -eeris n. crime
"ulcisci"
ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum punish,
avenge
"velint"
volo, velle, volui to want
"ex commutatione rerum"
= from the reversal of matters, affairs
communitatio, -ionis f.
res, rei f.
"secundiores"
comp. of secundus, -a, um favorable
"interdum"
sometimes, now and then
"diuturniorem"
comparative of diuturnus, -a, um long lasting
"impunitatem"
impunitas, -atis f. freedom from punishment
"concedere"
concedo, -edere, -cessi, -cessum allow, grant
"Cum"
conj. since (with subj.)
"ea"
nom. neut. pl. these matters
"obsides"
obses, -sidis m&f hostage
"sibi"
refl. pron., to him (Caesar)
"dentur"
do, dare, dedi, datum to give (historical pres.
subj. pass.) = were given
"uti ... intellegat"
purpose clause: so that he would know ...
intellego, -ere, -lexi, -lectum understand, realize, know
"polliceantur"
polliceor, -cêri, pollicitus sum dep.
to promise
"facturos [esse]"
fut. act. infinitive of facio, -ere = that they would be
doing (subj. acc. of indir. speech)
"intellegat"
intellego, -ere, -lexi, -lectum understand, realize, know
"intulerint"
inurias inferre (inuria, -ae f., inferre, -tuli, illatum)
to inflict harm
"satisfaciant"
satisfacio, -ere, -feci, -factum make amends, give satisfaction
"sese"
= se reflex. pron. he (i.e. Caesar)
"facturum esse"
fut. act. infinitive of facio, facere
= that he would make peace
"maioribus"
maiores, -um m. pl. ancestors
"institutos esse"
instituo, -ere, -stitui, -stitutum set up, establish, institute
"dare"
do, dare, dedi, datum to give
"consuerint" = consueverint (contracted form
of perf. subj)
conuesco, -ere, -suevi, -suetum
that they were accustomed
"eius rei"
gen. of is, ea, id
= of that matter
"obsides accipere"
to receive hostages
accipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum
"testem"
testis, -is m. witness
"discessit"
discedo, -ere, -cessi go away, leave
"Hoc responso dato"
abl. abs. this response having been given (= after he gave
this response, ...)
"castra"
castra, -orum n. camp
"movent"
moveo, movêre to move
"Postero die"
posterus, -a, -um following, next
dies, diei m. day
on the next day
"equitatumque"
equitatus, -ûs m. cavalry
"ad numerum"
ad (prep. with acc) with numerals: about
"coactum"
cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum to gather
"praemittit"
praemitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum to send ahead
"qui videant"
purpose clause with subj lit. which should see =
in order to see
"quas in partes"
pars, partis f. part; region; direction
= in which direction
"cupidius"
comp. adv. of cupidus, -a, -um (cupidior, cupidius)
eager
"insecuti"
insequor, -sequi, -secutus sum follow after, attack,
pursue
"novissimum agmen"
agmen, agminis n. marching army, column
novissimus, -a, um (superlative of novus, -a, -um )
last, most recent; rear
novissimum agmen = the rear of the army, rearguard,
"alieno loco" in an unfavorable
place
alienus, -a, um unknown, strange, unfavorable
"equitatu"
equitatus, -ûs m. cavalry
"pauci"
pauci, -ae, -a ( plural) few
"proelium committunt"
proelium committere to engage in battle
"de nostris"
from our (people), = of our troops
"cadunt"
cado, cadere, cecedi to fall, be killed
"Quo proelio sublati"
elated with this battle (lit. by which battle having been lifted
up)
tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum to carry, raise, lift up
"quingentis equitibus"
quingenti, -ae, -a adj. five hundred
"tantam"
tantus, -a, -um demonstr. adj. so great
"multitudinem"
multitudo, multitudinis f. multitude
"equitum"
equitatus, -ûs m. cavalry
"propulerant"
propello, -ere, propulsi, propulsum to repulse
"audacius"
audacius comparative adv. of audax, -acis bold,
daring
"subsistere"
subsisto, -ere, -stiti halt, stop
"coeperunt"
coepi, coepisse def. verb (only in perfect)
to begin
"novissimo agmine"
novissimum agmen (see above) rear of army
"proelio nostros lacessere"
lacesso, -ere, -cessivi, -cessitum to provoke, harass,
challenge
[they began] to challenge our troops to fight (lit. by
a battle)
"suos"
= his own (Caear's) troops
"a proelio continebat"
was holding them back from battle
continêo, continêre keep together, limit
"satis habebat"
lit he had enough = he was satisfied with
"in praesentia"
= for the moment
praesentia, -ae f. present time, presence
"rapinis, pabulationibus populationibusque prohibere."
to prohibit [the enemy] from plunder, foraging, and
devastation
rapina, ae. f. pillage, plunder, rubbery
pabulatio, -ionis f. foraging
populatio, -ionis f. devastation
"circiter"
about, approximately
"iter fecerunt"
iter facere = to march
iter, itineris n. way, march, route
"uti"
introducing result clause (with subj.) so that
"non amplius"
amplius comparative adv. more
"inter novissimum hostium agmen et nostrum primum"
inter prep. with acc. between
novissimum agmen the rear of the army, rearguard
primum agmen
the head of the army, vanguard, van
"quinis aut senis milibus passuum"
quini, -ae, -a [quinque] (plural) distrubitive numerical
adjective: five each, five at a time
seni, -ae, -a [sex] (plural) distributive numerical
adjective: six each, six at a time