| [18] Caesar hac oratione Lisci Dumnorigem, Diviciaci
fratrem, designari sentiebat,
sed, quod pluribus praesentibus eas res
iactari nolebat, celeriter
concilium dimittit, Liscum retinet.
[Caesar] Quaerit ex solo ea
quae in conventu dixerat.
[Liscus] Dicit liberius atque audacius.
[Caesar] Eadem secreto ab aliis quaerit; reperit esse [ea] vera: [now Caesar reports in indirect speech what he ascertained to be true] ipsum esse Dumnorigem, summa audacia,
magna apud plebem propter liberalitatem
gratia, cupidum
rerum novarum.
Complures annos portoria reliquaque
omnia Haeduorum vectigalia parvo pretio
redempta habere, propterea quod illo
licente contra liceri
audeat nemo.
His rebus et suam rem familiarem auxisse et facultates ad largiendum magnas comparasse; magnum numerum equitatus suo sumptu semper alere et circum se habere, neque solum domi, sed etiam apud finitimas civitates largiter posse, atque huius potentiae causa matrem in Biturigibus homini illic nobilissimo ac potentissimo conlocasse; ipsum ex Helvetiis uxorem habere, sororum ex matre et propinquas suas nuptum in alias civitates conlocasse. Favere et cupere Helvetiis propter eam adfinitatem, odisse etiam suo nomine Caesarem et Romanos, quod eorum adventu potentia eius deminuta et Diviciacus frater in antiquum locum gratiae atque honoris sit restitutus. Si quid accidat Romanis, summam in spem per Helvetios regni obtinendi venire; imperio populi Romani non modo de regno, sed etiam de ea quam habeat gratia desperare. Reperiebat etiam in quaerendo
Caesar, quod proelium equestre adversum
paucis ante diebus esset factum, initium
eius fugae factum a Dumnorige atque eius equitibus
(nam equitatui, quem auxilio
Caesari Haedui miserant, Dumnorix praeerat):
eorum fuga reliquum esse equitatum perterritum.
[19] Quibus rebus cognitis, cum ad has suspiciones
certissimae res accederent, quod
per fines Sequanorum Helvetios traduxisset,
quod obsides inter eos dandos curasset,
quod ea omnia non modo iniussu
suo et civitatis sed etiam inscientibus
ipsis fecisset, quod a magistratu
Haeduorum accusaretur, satis esse causae
arbitrabatur quare in eum aut ipse
animadverteret aut civitatem animadvertere iuberet.
Itaque prius quam quicquam
conaretur, Diviciacum ad se vocari
iubet et, cotidianis interpretibus
remotis, per C. Valerium Troucillum,
principem Galliae provinciae, familiarem
suum, cui summam omnium rerum fidem habebat, cum eo
conloquitur; simul commonefacit
quae ipso praesente in concilio [Gallorum]
de Dumnorige sint dicta, et ostendit
quae separatim quisque
de eo apud se dixerit.
Petit atque hortatur ut sine eius offensione animi vel ipse de eo causa cognita statuat vel civitatem statuere iubeat. |
[1.18] Caesar perceived that by this speech of Liscus,
Dumnorix, the brother of Divitiacus, was indicated; but, as he was unwilling
that these matters should be discussed while so many were present, he speedily
dismisses: the council, but detains Liscus:
he inquires from him when alone, about those things which he had said in the meeting. He [Liscus] speaks more unreservedly and boldly. He [Caesar] makes inquiries on the same points privately of others, and discovered that it is all true; that "Dumnorix is the person, a man of the highest daring, in great favor with the people on account of his liberality, a man eager for a revolution: that for a great many years he has been in the habit of contracting for the customs and all the other taxes of the Aedui at a small cost, because when he bids, no one dares to bid against him. By these means he has both increased his own private property, and amassed great means for giving largesses; that he maintains constantly at his own expense and keeps about his own person a great number of cavalry, and that not only at home, but even among the neighboring states, he has great influence, and for the sake of strengthening this influence has given his mother in marriage among the Bituriges to a man the most noble and most influential there; that he has himself taken a wife from among the Helvetii, and has given his sister by the mother's side and his female relations in marriage into other states; that he favors and wishes well to the Helvetii on account of this connection; and that he hates Caesar and the Romans, on his own account, because by their arrival his power was weakened, and his brother, Divitiacus, restored to his former position of influence and dignity: that, if any thing should happen to the Romans, he entertains the highest hope of gaining the sovereignty by means of the Helvetii, but that under the government of the Roman people he despairs not only of royalty, but even of that influence which he already has." Caesar discovered too, on inquiring into the unsuccessful cavalry engagement which had taken place a few days before, that the commencement of that flight had been made by Dumnorix and his cavalry (for Dumnorix was in command of the cavalry which the Aedui had sent for aid to Caesar); that by their flight the rest of the cavalry were dismayed. [1.19] After learning these circumstances, since to these suspicions the most unequivocal facts were added, viz., that he had led the Helvetii through the territories of the Sequani; that he had provided that hostages should be mutually given; that he had done all these things, not only without any orders of his [Caesar's] and of his own state's, but even without their [the Aedui] knowing any thing of it themselves; that he [Dumnorix] was reprimanded: by the [chief] magistrate of the Aedui; he [Caesar] considered that there was sufficient reason, why he should either punish him himself, or order the state to do so. One thing [however] stood in the way of all this-that he had learned by experience his brother Divitiacus's very high regard for the Roman people, his great affection toward him, his distinguished faithfulness, justice, and moderation; for he was afraid lest by the punishment of this man, he should hurt the feelings of Divitiacus. Therefore, before he attempted any thing, he orders Divitiacus to be summoned to him, and, when the ordinary interpreters had been withdrawn, converses with him through Caius Valerius Procillus, chief of the province of Gaul, an intimate friend of his, in whom he reposed the highest confidence in every thing; at the same time he reminds him of what was said about Dumnorix in the council of the Gauls, when he himself was present, and shows what each had said of him privately in his [Caesar's] own presence; he begs and exhorts him, that, without offense to his feelings, he may either himself pass judgment on him [Dumnorix] after trying the case, or else order the [Aeduan] state to do so. |
"fratrem"
frater, fratris m. brother
"designari"
designo, -are to idenote, indicate
"hac oratione Lisci"
oratio, orationis f. speech
abl. = by this speech of Liscus
"sentiebat"
sentio, sentire, sentivi, sentitum
perceive, realize, understand
"iactari"
iacto, -are to throw; discuss
"nolebat"
nolo, nolle, nolui to not want
"(quod) pluribus praesentibus"
abl. absolute: (because) so many people being present
praesens, -tis present
plus, -ris comparative of multus, -a, um
many: more, quite a number, several
"celeriter"
adv. quickly, at once
"dimittit"
dimitto, -ere, -misi, missum to dismiss, send away
"retinet"
retineo, retinêre, -ui, -entum to hold back, retain
"Quaerit"
quaero, -ere, -sivi, situm to look for, seek, question
"conventu"
conventus, ûs m. meeting
"ex [eo] solo"
from [him] alone
"liberius"
comp. adv. of liber, -era, -erum = free, unimpeded, unrestricted
"audacius"
audax, -is, daring, bold comp.adv.
audacius more boldly
"Eadem"
is, ea id the same things
"secreto"
adv. separately, in private
"ab aliis"
alius, alia, aliud
from others
"quaerit"
quaero, -ere, -sivi, -situm to ask, inquire
"reperit"
reperio, -ire, repperi, repertum discover, find out
"ipsum esse Dumnorigem"
= that Dumnorix was the very man
"gratia"
gratia, -ae f. favor
magna apud plebem... gratia
descriptive abl. = in great favor (magna gratia) with the people
"summa audacia"
audacia, -ae f. audacity, boldness
descriptive ab l. = a man of the utmost audacity
"liberalitatem"
liberalitas, -atis f. lavish giving, generosity
"cupidum"
cupidus, -a, -um eager for, anxious for
"rerum novarum"
res nova, gen. rerum novarum lit. new things, standing
for revolution
"Complures"
complures, -ium several, many
"portoria"
portorium, -ii n. tolls, custom duties,
levied upon the goods passing through the country along the roads and rivers
"reliquaque"
reliquus, -a, -um, the rest, remaining
"vectigalia"
vectigal, -is n., plural: revenues
"pretio"
pretium, -ii n. price
"illo licente"
liceor, liceri, licitus sum dep. to make
a bid
= when he made a bid
"contra liceri"
to bid against
"redempta habere"
redimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum buy back, purchase;
of revenues: buy up, farm
The Aeduan revenues were "farmed out" as among the Romans;
that is, the privilige of collecting taxes was sold at auction to the highest
bidder, who guaranteed to the state a certain sum, did the collecting through
his agents, and kept for himself all that he could make above the amount
paid into the public treasury and the costs of collection. The "publicans"
of the New Testament were collectors of taxes under this system, which
afforded large opportunity for corruption and extortion.
"propterea quod"
because of that, on account of which
"audeat"
audeo, -êre, ausus sum semi deponent
to dare
"auxisse"
augeo, -gêre, auxi, auctum enlarge, increase
"facultates"
facultas, -atis f. means, resources
"His rebus "
instrum. abl. by these things
"rem familiarem"
res familiaris
= private fortune
"ad largiendum"
largior, -iri, -itus sum dep. give freely, bestow;
bribe
ad with the acc. of the gerund: = for bribery
"comparasse"
comparo, -are to collect, acquire, amass
comparasse is contracted form of perf. act. infinitive
"equitatus"
equitatus, -ûs m. cavalry
"suo sumptu"
sumptus, -ûs m. expense
"alere"
alo, -ere, alui, alitum to maintain, support
"circum"
prep. with acc. around, close to
"domi"
domus, -i or -ûs home
domi a locative sing. at home
"apud finitimas civitates"
finitimus, -a, -um neighboring
"largiter posse"
largiter adv. much, great
largiter posse = to have great influence
"huius potentiae causa"
for the sake (causa) of this power (potentia, -ae f.)
= in order to increase his power
"matrem"
mater, matris f. mother
"nobilissimo"
nobilis, -e noble
"potentissimo"
potens, potentis powerful, strong
"conlocasse"
colloco, -are to place, arrange; here
referring to marriage
"ipsum"
ipse, ipsa, ipsum emphatic pronoun
= (while) he himself
"sororem ex matre"
soror, sororis. f. sister
= his sister from (only) his mother's side, his half-sister
"propinquas"
propinquus, -a, -um near, related
propinquae = female relatives
"nuptum"
nubeo, -êre, nupsi, nuptum to marry
nuptum in ...collocasse = had placed in marriage
among...
(supine in -um after verbs of motion to express purpose)
"alias"
alius, alia, aliud other
"conlocasse"
colloco, -are to place
nuptum in ...collocasse = had placed in marriage among...
(supine in -um after verbs of motion to express purpose)
"Favere"
faveo, -êre, favi, fautum to favor, befriend,
support
"cupere"
cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum to wish (success), favor,be
eager for
"propter"
prep. with acc. on account of, because
"adfinitatem"
adfinitas, -atis f. connection, relationship by marriage
"odisse"
odi, odisse defective verb, only perf. stem:
to hate
"adventu"
adventus, -ûs m. arrival
"potentia"
ptentia, -ae, f. power
"deminuta"
deminuo, -ere, -utum to diminish
"suo nomine"
= personally (lit. in his own name, on his own account
"frater"
Diviciacus frater = his brother Diviciacus
" gratiae--"
gratia, -ae. f influence, grace
in antiquum locum gratiae atque honoris
= to his former position of influence and dignity
"in antiquum locum"
= to the old place
"sit restitutus"
restituo, -ere, -stitui, stutum to restore
quod ... Diviciacus ... sit restitutus because
... Diviciacus ... was restored (Latin uses subj. in dependent causal
clause)
"quid"
quis, quid interrog. pronoun
= (if) anything ...
The construction is indirect question with following subj.
"accidat"
accido, -ere, accidi to happen, occur
"summam in spem ... venire"
lit. he would come into the highest hope (infinitive of
indir. speech)
spes, spei f. hope
"regni"
regnum, -i n. royal power, control; kingdom
"obtinendi"
obtineo, -êre, -tinui, -tentum to obtain
regni obtinendi gerundive used in place of
gerund: of obtaining control, power (of the kingdom)
"regno"
regnum, -i n. royal power, control;
kingdom
"imperio populi Romani"
abl. = under the power of the Romans
"non modo ... sed etiam" not only ...
but also
"non modo ... sed etiam" not
only ... but also
"de ea quam habeat gratia" = de ea gratia quam habeat concerning that (ea) influence (gratia) which he has
"desperare"
despero, -are to despaire (inf. of indir.
speech)
"Reperiebat"
reperio, -ire, repperi, repertum discover, learn
"equestre" equestris, -e adj. relating
to cavalry
proelium equestre = cavalry battle
"adversum"
adversus, -a, -um unfavorable, adverse
"in quaerendo"
gerund (verbal noun): in inquiring, while questioning
quaero, -ere, -sivi, -situm
"initium"
initium, -ii n. beginning
"fugae"
fuga, -ae f. flight, rout
"paucis ante diebus"
a few days ago
ante prep. with abl. before
"equitibus"
eques, -itis m. horseman
abl. by the horsemen
"equitatui"
equitatus, -ûs cavalry
datuve dependent on praeerat = ... was in charge
of the cavalry
"auxilio"
auxilium, ii n. help
auxilio Caesari dat. of purpose: as an aid to Caesar
"miserant"
mitto, -ere, misi, missum to send
pluperf. act.
"praeerat"
praeesse, -sum, -fui with dat. to be before, be
in charge of
equitatui .... praeerat was in charge of the cavalry
"fuga"
fuga, fugae f. flight
"reliquum esse equitatum perterritum"
reliquum equitatum the rest of the cavalry
esse perterritum = had been thrown into a panic
"suspiciones"
suspicio, -onis f. suspicion
"Quibus rebus cognitis"
abl. abs. (Caesar) having found out these things
"certissimae res"
most certain facts (explained in the following quod
clause)
"accederent"
accedo, -ere, -cessi be added to (with ad)
"fines"
finis, -is f. border plural: territory
"traduxisset"
transduco, -ere, -xi to lead across, through
"obsides inter se dare" to exchange
hostages
obses, obsidis m&f hostage
"curasset" = curavisset
curo, -are to arrange, se to it
"inter eos dandos"
gerundive of do, dare
obsides dandos curasset lit.had arrranged hostages to
be given
inter eos between the two peoples
"quod ea omnia ... fecisset"
that he had done all those things
"non modo"
non modo ... sed etiam not only ... but also
"iniussu suo et civitatis"
= without his own (Caesar's) authorization and that of the state
(of the Aeduans)
iniussus, -ûs m (only in abl) without command
"sed etiam"
[not only non modo] ... but also
"inscientibus ipsis"
without their knowledge ipsis = Caesare et Aeduis
"magistratu"
refers to Liscus, the Vergobret (Dumnorix' brother who was a
member of the highest magistrate)
magistratus, -ûs m.
"accusaretur"
accuso, accusare to accuse
"arbitrabatur"
arbitro, -are to think, consider
"satis esse causae"
= to be sufficient reason (lit. enough of reason)
"animadverteret"
animadverto, -ere, -ti, -sum to give attention to, punish
"iuberet"
iubeo, -êre, iussi, iussum to order
[or] should order
"unum"
one thing, one consideration
"repugnabat"
= weighed against (lit. contended against)
"quod ... cognoverat"
= that he was familiar with
cognosco, -ere, -novi, -notum become acquainted
with, perf.: to know, be familiar with
"fratris"
frater, fratris m. brother
"summum in populum Romanum
studium"
[that he was familiar with his] very high regard for the Roman
people
"studium"
studium, -ii n. zeal, devotion, regard
"voluntatem"
voluntas, -tatis f. good will
"egregiam"
egregius, -ia, -ium distinguished, exceptional
"summum in se voluntatem"
= the strongest (highest) good will toward himself (i.e. Caesar)
"fidem"
fides, fidei f. loyalty
"iustitiam"
iustitia, -ae f. justice
"temperantiam"
temperantia, -ae f. self-control
"cognoverat"
had come to know, was familiar with
"ne"
after verbs if fearing: that
"supplicio"
supplicium, -ii n. punishment
"animum"
animum, -i n. mind, feeling
"offenderet"
ne ... offenderet = that he might offend (after verbs
of fearing ne means 'that')
"verebatur"
vereor, vereri, veritus sum deponens
to fear, be afraid
"quicquam"
quisquam, quicquam indef. pron. anything
(at all)
"conaretur"
conor, conari dep. to try, attempt
"vocari"
voco, vocare (here pass. inf.) to call
"iubet"
iubeo, -êre, iussi, iutum
"interpretibus"
interpres, -etis m&f interpreter
"remotis"
removeo, -êre, -movi, -motum to remove
"cotidianis interpretibus remotis"
lit. the ordinary interpreters having been removed (abl.
abs.)
cotidianus, -a, -um daily, usual, ordinary
"principem"
princeps, -ipis m. leader, first man, chief, person
in charge of
"familiarem suum"
= his (Caesar's) intimate friend
familiar, -ris m. friend, companion
"cui summam omnium rerum fidem habebat"
in (lit.to) whom he had the utmost confidence (lit. the
highest trust of all things)
fides, fidei f. faith, loyalty, trust
"conloquitur"
conloqui, -loquor, -locutus sum (or colloqui,
...) to convers
"commonefacit"
commonefacio, -facere, -feci to call to mind
"quae"
which things, those things which
"ipso praesente"
= in his presence abl. abs. lit. he himself (Caesar)
being present
praesens, -tis adj. present
"ostendit"
ostendo, -ere , -di, -sum to show
"quae"
which things, those things which
"sint dicta"
from dico, dicere, dixi, dictum to say,
= which things were said
"quisque"
each one def. pronoun
"dixerit"
dico, -ere, dixi, dictum to say, speak
"apud se"
in his (Caesar's) presence
apud at, near, in the presence
"Petit"
peto, -ere, petivi, petitum
beg, ask (for)
"hortatur"
hortor, hortari, hortatus sum dep. to admonish
"sine"
prep. with abl. without
"sine eius offensione animi"
lit. without offense of his feelings
offensio, -onis f. offense
"statuat"
statuo, -ere, statui, statutum decide, judge
"statuere"
statuo, -ere, statui, statutum decide, judge
"ut ... iubeat"
iubeo, iubêre, iussi, iussum to command, order
= purpose: in order that he may order ...
"causa cognita"
abl. abs. lit. the case having been made known
cognosco, -ere, -novi, -notum