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Alexander Campbell and Robert Owen
Evidences of Christianity: A Debate (1829)

 

MR. OWEN'S ELEVENTH ADDRESS.

      Each of these nine conditions appear to be necessary for the happiness of man, and it is almost useless to state that, they cannot be obtained under any of the governments, religions, laws, or institutions by which the characters of men have been hitherto formed, or by which they have been governed.

      These conditions cannot be obtained in any society in which merit or demerit are attributed for any belief, or faith whatever, or, for liking or disliking any person or anything.

      On the contrary, happiness can be obtained and secured, only when every member of society can freely express his thoughts and feelings, and when all men shall understand the laws of human nature, so well, that none shall be offended by thus acquiring an accurate knowledge of the sensations which nature compels his fellow-beings to receive.

      And these conditions can be enjoyed, only when a knowledge of the laws of our nature shall remove all personal pride and individual selfishness, with all desire to possess any unnecessary private property.

      And also, when men and women shall not be required to perjure themselves, and promise what they have not the power to perform, [144] before they enter into the married state; but when, on the contrary, all shall live and associate according to their affections, and shall be trained, educated, and governed by reason, instead of force, fraud, and cunning.

      We will now consider each of these nine conditions, deemed requisite for human happiness, more in detail.


FIRST CONDITION.

Of possessing a good organization, physical, intellectual, and moral.

      It is evident on reflection, that the happiness of every individual is materially influenced by the faculties which he derives from nature at birth.

      When these are physically weak, or intellectually, or morally defective, greater care and attention are required through infancy, childhood, and youth, to strengthen the first, and improve the others, than are necessary when the organization, in these respects, is more perfect at birth.

      And as the application of the most favorable circumstances, after the birth of the individual, cannot fully compensate for defective natural power, it becomes absolutely necessary for human happiness that, measures shall be adopted to prevent the production of any inferior organization in the human race.

      There is a science which, when it shall be better understood, and the ignorant prejudices of mankind will permit it to be properly applied, will, to a great extent, effect this groundwork of human happiness, for it is the only foundation on which it can be permanently secured.

      This science has been already partially applied with success to improve the physical qualities of many animals; and there can be no doubt of the extraordinary beneficial changes which may be made in the human race, when their knowledge of this science shall be rightly applied to improve their physical, intellectual, and moral powers.

      The most valuable animal known by man, is man, and it is far more important for his happiness that he should be produced, at his birth, with all his varied powers in the best state, than that the breed of horses, cattle, sheep, dogs, etc., should be improved.

      It is not, however, intended that the breed of these latter animals shall be neglected, for, in a rational state of society, no inferior animal, vegetable, or any other thing, will be produced when that which is superior can be obtained.

      Consequently, the greatest attention will be given to this science, in the new state of existence, that, as far as it is practicable by human knowledge and industry, a good natural material may be obtained for [145] all purposes, but, more especially, that the most superior physical, intellectual, and moral materials of the human race may be obtained at birth.

      Under the present irrational notion of the world, this science is of little use anywhere, except as it is applied partially, to improve the breed of some of the inferior animals, and the qualities of some vegetables.

      For the existing laws and institutions create only ignorant prejudices, which, not only retard every natural improvement, but by their exclusive tendencies deteriorate the whole breed of man.

      In a new state of society about to be formed in accordance with the divine laws of our nature, arrangements will be made to give man the full benefit of this important science, for, without it, he cannot possess the best of everything for human nature.


SECOND CONDITION.

Of having the power to produce, at pleasure, whatever is necessary to keep the natural
organization of man in the best state of health, which includes food, exercise,
habitation, dress, occupation, rest, recreation, and amusements.

      All will admit that the present laws and institutions, and practices of mankind, do not permit these requisites to health, and consequently to happiness, to be obtained, anywhere, by the great mass of the population in the best manner.

      The customs of the world are now such, that nine-tenths of the people, in all countries, can procure only the most common necessaries to support life; while, if the governing powers of these countries, understood their own interest, as individuals, they would know that it is injurious to each member of every community, that anything, whatever, should be produced inferior, while the power is possessed to have it superior.

      It is the interest, therefore, of the governing powers, as well as of all others, that every man shall possess not only the best organization at birth, but that he shall be supplied, through life, with the best food, habitation, and dress for human nature; and that arrangements shall exist to enable him to enjoy proper exercise, rest, recreation, and amusement, and that he shall be occupied, through life, in the best manner to promote his health and happiness, and to benefit society.

      According to the new state of existence, permanent arrangements will be made to secure these objects. [146]


THIRD CONDITION.

Of an education to cultivate from infancy, the physical, intellectual, and moral powers in the
best manner.

      So little has been effected, upon this subject, by the laws, institutions, and customs of men, that nearly the whole of the human race are, at this hour, more ignorant of themselves, than they are of most objects around them, while it is the first interest of all, that they should be early taught to know themselves--to learn what manner of beings they are.

      Hitherto none have had their physical, intellectual, and moral powers cultivated from infancy, in the best manner, but every obstacle which cunning could devise or force apply, has been placed in the way of the mass of the people, in all countries, to prevent them from attaining knowledge. Consequently, the population of the world, is now, in a most degraded condition, little better, indeed, than beasts of burden, toiling uselessly, from morning to night without understanding for what object. It has acquired a very small part only of the powers which it might be made to possess, probably, not more than one out of a million or many millions, for when all the best faculties of the human race shall be cultivated as they ought to be, from infancy, the human mind, trained as it has been, is competent to estimate the extraordinary results that may be attained. A statement greatly within the truth on this subject would now startle the most sanguine.

      Therefore in the new state of existence, arrangements will be formed, not only to obtain for man the best organization at birth; a regular supply of the most wholesome food, the best habitation and dress, with the best means to enjoy exercise, rest, recreation, and amusement; but arrangements will be also formed, to bring out, into full action, these extraordinary new powers, by training and cultivating from infancy to maturity, the physical, intellectual, and moral faculties and qualities of all the best manner.

[COD 144-147]


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Alexander Campbell and Robert Owen
Evidences of Christianity: A Debate (1829)